Expression of Key Enzymes in Glucose Metabolism in Chronic Mountain Sickness and Its Correlation with Phenotype / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the pathogenesis of erythrocytosis by detecting the key enzymes of glucose metabolism and glucose transporter in bone marrow erythrocytes of chronic mountain sickness (CMS), and analyzing its correlation with hemoglobin.@*METHODS@#Twenty CMS patients hospitalized in Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital from January 2019 to December 2020 were selected as CMS group. Twenty males with leukocyte count > 3.5×109/L who had accepted bone marrow aspiration and had normal result were taken as control group. The mRNA and protein expression of key enzymes and glucose transporter in glucose metabolism in bone marrow CD71+ erythrocytes were detected by real time qPCR and Western blot, respectively. Glucose, lactic acid and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the bone marrow supernatant and serum were tested by ELISA. The mRNA and protein expression of key enzymes and glucose transporter, glucose, lactic acid and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate of the two groups were compared. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between key enzymes, glucose transporter in glucose metabolism in bone marrow CD71+ erythrocytes and hemoglobin.@*RESULTS@#The expression of HK2, GLUT1 and GLUT2 mRNA in the CMS group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.001), while the expression of HK1, OGDH and COX5B mRNA were not different. The expression of HK2, GLUT1 and GLUT2 protein in the CMS group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The levels of glucose and lactic acid in the bone marrow supernatant and serum in the CMS group were not different from those in the control group, while the level of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was higher (P<0.001). Both HK2 and GLUT2 proteins were positively correlated with hemoglobin (r=0.511, 0.717).@*CONCLUSION@#CMS patients may increase glycolysis by increasing the expression of HK2, and promote the utilization of glucose through high expression of GLUT1 and GLUT2 to meet the need of energy supply.

Comparative study of surgical effects on patients with mixed deafness and otosclerosis with different air bone conduction differences / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To analyze the surgical efficacy of patients with mixed hearing loss and otosclerosis with different air bone gap (ABG) before surgery, and to provide reference for the prognosis evaluation of otosclerosis surgery. Methods: The clinical data of 108 cases(116 ears) of otosclerosis who had undergone stapes fenestration technique artificial stapes implantation in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from November 2013 to May 2020 and had mixed hearing loss before surgery were collected, including 71 women(76 ears)and 37 men (40 ears), with an average age of 38.5 years. According to preoperative pure tone audiometry ABG, they were divided into three groups: group S, 15 dB≤ABG<31 dB, a total of 39 ears; group M, 31 dB≤ABG<46 dB, a total of 58 ears; and group L, ABG≥46 dB, 19 ears in total. The hearing outcomes of three groups of patients at 6-12 months after surgery were compared and analyzed using SPSS 24.0 statistical software. Results: A total of 3 patients (group S: 2 cases; group L: 1 case) experienced severe sensorineural hearing loss after surgery and were not included in the statistical analysis. After surgery, the pure tone hearing threshold of patients with otosclerosis in each group was significantly improved compared to before surgery, with an average air conduction threshold improvement of(21.6±13.4) dB. The difference between before and after surgery was statistically significant(t=17.13, P<0.01). The average bone conduction threshold improved by(3.7±7.6) dB, and the difference was statistically significant before and after surgery(t=5.20, P<0.01). The postoperative ABG was(18.3±9.3) dB, which was significantly reduced compared to preoperative(36.2±8.6)dB. Among the three groups of patients, the L group had the highest improvement in air conduction threshold[(29.9±10.8)dB], while the S group had the lowest improvement[(15.7±11.4)dB]. There was no statistically significant difference in post operative pure tone hearing thresholds between the three groups(P>0.05). The postoperative ABG in group S was the smallest[(16.5±9.0)dB], while in group L, the postoperative ABG was the largest[(20.5±10.0)dB]. Compared with group S, group M and group L still had a large residual ABG at 2 000 Hz after surgery. The bone conduction threshold of both S and M groups improved to some extent after surgery compared to before (P<0.01). Conclusions: Surgery can benefit patients with mixed hearing loss and otosclerosis with different preoperative ABG. Patients with small preoperative ABG have better surgical results and ideal ABG closure at all frequencies after surgery. Patients with large preoperative ABG can significantly increase the gas conduction threshold during surgery, but certain frequencies of ABG may still be left behind after surgery. The improvement effect of surgery on bone conduction threshold is not significant. Patients should be informed of treatment methods such as hearing aids based on their actual situation for selection.

Evaluation of metoprolol standard dosing pathway in Chinese patients with acute coronary syndrome: a prospective multicenter single-arm interventional study / 老年心脏病学杂志（英文版）

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the feasibility and tolerability of metoprolol standard dosing pathway (MSDP) in Chinese patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).@*METHODS@#In this multicenter, prospective, open label, single-arm and interventional study that was conducted from February 2018 to April 2019 in fifteen Chinese hospitals. A total of 998 hospitalized patients aged ≥ 18 years and diagnosed with ACS were included. The MSDP was applied to all eligible ACS patients based on the standard treatment recommended by international guidelines. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients achieving the target dose at discharge (V2). The secondary endpoints included the heart rate and blood pressure at V2 and four weeks after discharge (V4), and percentage of patients experiencing bradycardia (heart rate < 50 beats/min), hypotension (blood pressure < 90/60 mmHg) and transient cardiac dysfunction at V2 and V4.@*RESULTS@#Of the 998 patients, 29.46% of patients achieved the target dose (≥ 95 mg/d) at V2. The total population was divided into two groups: target group (patients achieving the target dose at V2) and non-target group (patients not achieving the target dose at V2). There was significant difference in the reduction of heart rate from baseline to discharge in the two groups (-4.97 ± 11.90 beats/min vs. -2.70 ± 9.47 beats/min, P = 0.034). There was no significant difference in the proportion of bradycardia that occurred in the two groups at V2 (0 vs. 0, P = 1.000) and V4 (0.81% vs. 0.33%, P = 0.715). There was no significant difference in the proportion of hypotension between the two groups at V2 (0.004% vs. 0.004%, P = 1.000) and V4 (0 vs. 0.005%, P = 0.560). No transient cardiac dysfunction occurred in two groups during the study. A total of five adverse events (1.70%) and one serious adverse event (0.34%) were related to the pathway in target group.@*CONCLUSIONS@#In Chinese ACS patients, the feasibility and tolerability of the MSDP have been proved to be acceptable.

Validation and analysis of Goldengate high-throughput deafness gene chip in detecting the patients with enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To verify the accuracy and effectiveness of Goldengate high-throughput deafness gene chip in detecting the patients with enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome(EVAS), and to provide a reference for genetic detection strategy of EVAS. Methods: From August 2016 to February 2018, 15 patients with EVAS and 60 normal controls were detected by Goldengate high-throughput deafness detection chip developed by our team, and the results were verified by Sanger sequencing. SLC26A4 gene sequencing was carried out in all the patients with EVAS. Results: 12/15 of patients with EVAS were detected mutations of SLC26A4 gene. Nine mutations were detected by chip detection and SLC26A4 gene direct sequencing, seven of which were detected by both methods. The chip could detect 93.33%(28/30) of the allele information provided by SLC26A4 gene direct sequencing. In addition to SLC26A4 gene, mutations of GJB2, PCDH15, TMC1, MYO6 and mitochondrial genes were detected in 15 patients with EVAS. These results were verified by Sanger sequencing. Conclusion: Goldengate high-throughput deafness gene chip possesses the traits of wide coverage and high accuracy, which can be used as a preliminary detection method for patients with EVAS.

Electroacupuncture Delays Cartilage Degeneration by Modulating Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathway / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To illustrate the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on knee osteoarthritis (OA).@*METHODS@#Twenty-seven six-month-old New Zealand white rabbits were allocated into three groups in accordance with a random number table: normal group (no surgery-induced OA; without treatment), model group (surgery-induced OA; without treatment) and EA group [surgery-induced OA; received treatment with EA at acupoints Dubi (ST 35) and Neixiyan (EX-LE 5), 30 min twice a day]. After eight consecutive weeks of treatment, the histopathological alterations in cartilage were observed using optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, cartilage degeneration was evaluated by modified Mankin's score principles, the synovial fluid concentration of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the protein expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MMP-3, IκB kinase-β (IKK-β), nuclear factor of α light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor α (IκB-α) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 were quantified by Western blot analysis.@*RESULTS@#EA treatment significantly improved cartilage structure arrangement and reduced cellular degeneration. The IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MMP-3 of synovial fluid in the EA-treated group were significantly decreased compared with the model group (all P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MMP-3, IKK-β and NF-κB p65 protein expressions in cartilage of EA-treated group were significantly decreased (all P<0.01), whereas IκB-α expression was significantly up-regulated (P<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#EA treatment may delay cartilage degeneration by down-regulating inflammatory factors through NF-κB signaling pathway, which may, in part, explain its clinical efficacy in the treatment of knee OA.

Application of self-made fine-tuning device in distal locking process of femoral interlocking intramedullary nail / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the curative efficacy of self-made fine-tuning setting in the process of femoral distal implantation of intramedullary nail.@*METHODS@#From October 2015 to October 2017, 66 cases of femoral shaft fracture were treated with anterograde interlocking intramedullary nail including 45 males and 21 females with a mean age of(37.21±11.18) years old. Among them, 36 cases were treated with the manufacture's aiming device and self-made fine-tuning setting (research group), other 30 cases were treated with the manufacture's aiming device(control group). The mean operation time, the times of C-arm scan in surgery, the post-operation complications and the fracture union were observed and compared in two groups.@*RESULTS@#Sixty-two cases acquired 8 to 15 months with a mean time of 12.4 months follow-up visit. The post-operation complications and the fracture union between the two groups had no significant difference(>0.05), the mean operation time and the times of C-arm scan in surgery had statistically significant difference(<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Self-made fine-tuning setting in the process of femoral interblocking intramedullary nail could shorten operation time and reduce the the times of C-arm scan.

Effect of Buyang Huanwu decoction on NF-κB/MuRFl expression in rats with denervated tibial muscle atrophy / 中国中药杂志

We aim to study the effect of Buyang Huanwu decoction (Astragali Radix, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Pheretima, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Carthami Flos and Persicae Semen) on NF-κB/MuRFl signaling pathway in the denervated tibial muscle atrophy of rats and explore its protection mechanisms. Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to common peroneal nerve crush models of 5 mm injury, and then were randomly divided into six groups for daily intragastric administration of drugs： sham operation group, model group, Buyang Huanwu decoction high, middle and low dose groups, and mecobalamin group (as a positive control). After drug administration for 10 days and 21 days, the gene and protein expression levels of NF-κB and MuRFl in the tibial muscle of rats were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot respectively. The results showed that, as compared with the model group, RNA and protein expression levels of NF-κB and MuRF1 were significantly reduced in Buyang Huanwu decoction middle and high-dose groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01). These results indicated that Buyang Huanwu decoction could inhibit ubiquitin proteasome system probably by activating NF-κB/MuRF1 signal pathway to protect the denervated tibial muscle atrophy of rats.

Frozen-thawed pronuclear embryos by in vitro fertilization of C57BL/6J mice can be used for Cas9 microinjection / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To verify the feasibility of Cas9 microinjection in frozen-thawed pronuclear embryos, based on the model of pronuclear embryos of C57BL/6J mice by in vitro fertilization.Methods After fertilized mouse pronuclear embryos cultured in vitro, one-cell and 2-cell embryos were frozen using EFS20/40 cryopreservation tube.The next day recovered and then cultured.The recovery rate and survival rate of the one-cell and 2-cell embryos were compared.The frozen-thawed and fresh pronuclear embryos were injected with Cas9 mixture and injection buffer into the cytoplasm, and then cultivated to 2-cell embryos,and the survival rate and development rate of the 2-cell embryos were compared.Results The recovery rate of frozen-thawed one-cell embryos was 92.5%, the survival rate was 92.8%, the recovery rate of 2-cell embryos was 90.5% and the survival rate was 95.8%, showing no significant difference.Furthermore, the survival rate of fresh one-cell embryos after Cas9 injection was 92.7%, the survival rate of one-cell embryos of the blank group was 97.5%.While the survival rate of Cas9 injected frozen-thawed one-cell embryos was 82.6%, and that of the blank group was 92%,showing a significant difference between the frozen-thawed injected group and other groups(P < 0.05).The development rate of 2-cell embryos after Cas9 injection was not significantly different.Conclusions Frozen-thawed pronuclear embryos can be used for Cas9 microinjection.

Relationship between abnormal ECG and cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemor-rhage / 心血管康复医学杂志

Objective:To explore the relationship between abnormal ECG and cerebral vasospasm(CVS)after aneu-rysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage(aSAH).Methods:A total of 709 aSAH cases,who were hospitalized in our de-partment of neurology from Feb 2002 to Feb 2015,were selected.According to presence of CVS or not,they were divided into non-CVS control group(n=499)and CVS group(n=210).All subjects received ECG examination, then single factor and multi-factor Logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship among bradycardia, tachycardia,prolonged QT interval,ST segment elevation,ST segment depression,T wave inversion,u wave pres-ence and CVS after aSAH.Results:Single factor regression analysis indicated that bradycardia,prolonged QT inter-val,ST segment elevation,ST segment depression,T wave inversion and u wave presence were risk factors for CVS after aSAH,P<0.05 or <0.01. Multi-factor Logistic regression analysis indicated that prolonged QT interval was independent risk factor for CVS after aSAH(OR=13.502,P=0.001).Conclusion:For aSAH patients with cere-bral vasospasm high risk factors(abnormal ECG),monitoring should be strengthened in order to reduce or avoid oc-currence of cerebral vasospasm,then improve their prognosis.

Study on preventive and therapeutic effects of astragali radix on denervated tibial muscle atrophy in rats / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of Astragali Radix on the denervated tibial muscle atrophy in rats, and discuss its mechanism.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Totally 60 SPF-grade Sprague-Dawley rats were selected in the common peroneal nerve crush model, and then randomly divided into 6 groups: Astragali Radix high-dose, medium-dose, low-dose groups, the Mecobalamin group, the model group, and the sham operation group. They were administered with drugs after the operation. At 18 d, the pathological section staining and morphological analysis were performed. The wet-weight ratio and section area of tibial muscles were also measured. The real-time fluorescence quantification was adopted to detect the differential expression between Angptl4 and PI3K genes.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>(1) Wet-weight ratio: The wet-weight ratio in Astragali Radix high-dose, medium-dose groups was much higher than that in the model group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). (2) Section area: The sham operation group was higher, with regular morphology; Whereas the model group showed significant decrease, with chaotic structure and obvious connective tissue proliferation; Astragali Radix groups and the mecobalamin group showed relatively small section areas, with chaotic structure and unobvious connective tissue proliferation. Compared with the model group, Astragali Radix groups showed significant increase (P < 0.01). (3) Motor end plate: The sham operation group was in uniform brownish black color and oval or round shape; Astragali Radix medium-dose and high-dose group and the mecobalamin group showed rough line edges; Astragali Radix medium-dose and low-dose groups and the model group showed decline in the number, with irregular morphology, rough line edges and a light color. (4) Angptl4 and PI3K: Compared with the model group, the Astragali Radix high-dose group showed significant increase (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Astragali Radix has a significant effect in preventing and treating denervated tibial muscle atrophy. It may delay the muscle atrophy by increasing Angptl4 and PI3K gene expressions.</p>

Statistical analysis of papers in Chinese Journal of Applied Physiology from 2009 to 2013 / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the status and papers information of Chinese Journal of Applied Physiology, and provide a guide for authors, readers and editing staffs.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We retrieved papers of Chinese Journal of Applied Physiology from 2009 to 2013 from CNKI, and performed a statistical analysis of papers information contained in the text using bibliometrics method. Papers information such as document type, found support, author affiliation type, and discipline classification, etc. was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Seven hundred and forty two papers including 27 full English articles in total were published in Chinese Journal of Applied Physiology from 2009 to 2013. More papers were supported by national, provincial, and the other foundation, it was about 82.6% of all papers.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Chinese Journal of Applied Physiology has stable manuscript resources, various discipline papers, and play an important role for development of applied physiology in China.</p>

Effect of Buyang Huanwu decoction on the denervated muscle atrophy of rats and investigation for mechanism / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of buyang huanwu decoction (BYHWD) on the denervated tibial muscle atrophy of rats and to study the mechanisms of BYHWD defering denervated muscle atrophy of rats. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to common peroneal nerve crush model, then they were randomly divided into sham operation group, model group, BYHWD high-dose, medium-dose, low-dose groups, mecobalamin group (positive control). Each group has ten rats. The gavage lasted for 18 d. After that, performed slice, staining and analysis morphology were performed. The wet weight ratio of tibial muscle was measured. At the same time, qRT-PCR and western-blot detect the differential expression of Angpt14 and PI3K in the high-dose group of BYHWD and model group. RESULTS: (1) Wet weight ratio: BYHWD high and medium-group increased significantly compared with model group (P<0.01 or P<0.05). (2) The motor end-plate: the sham operation group is sepia, oval or round; the BYHWD high-dose group and mecobalamin group has little chage; the BYHWD medium-dose group, low-dose group and the model group has lessen, shape is not rule gradually, the edge is rough, coloring is slight gradually, (3) the expression of Angpl14 and PI3K: compared with model group, the BYHWD high and medium-group increased significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION: BYHWD can effectively delay denervated tibial muscle atrophy of rats by increasing the wel weight ratio and defering the degeneration of the motor end-plate which mechanism maybe increase Angpt14 and PT3K expression.

Research propress of co-culture system of osteoblast with osteoclast and its applications / 中国骨伤

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are not exist alone,while communicating with each other through direct contact, diffusible paracrine factors and cell-bone matrix interaction. Co-culture system of osteoblast with osteoclast,including direct co-culture and indirect co-culture. It should be according to the ratio of osteoclasts and osteoblasts under the pathology, choosing the same species. Compared with lonely culture of osteoblasts or osteoclasts,co-culture system is much closer to the microenvironment in vivo. It benefits to explain the interactions between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, exploring molecular communication in bone diseases. It was mainly used to investigate the pharmacological mechanism of herbal and western medicine in bone remodeling. Some osteoporosis drugs (such as epimedium,sanchi, fructus psoraleae, ranelate strontium) not only promoted osteoblastic bone formation, but also inhibited osteoclastic bone resorption in the system,so as to balance bone homeostasis. At the same time,it has been used to study medical physics and assess biomedical materials in recent years. Considerably,the co-cultrue system will be used to study the subchondral bone remodeling and its pharmacological mechanism of herbal and western medicine in osteoarthritis.

Plasma gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase level as a cardiovascular risk factor in elderly patients with hypertension or hypertension with diabetes mellitus / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate plasma gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GGT) level as a cardiovascular risk factor in elderly patients with hypertension or hypertension with diabetes mellitus.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-nine elderly patients of hypertension and 42 elderly patients of hypertension with diabetes mellitus and 39 healthy elderly subjects were enrolled in the study. The height, weight and blood pressure of patients were measured, serum C reactive protein and other biochemical indicators were detected. The relation between plasma γ-GGT and cardiovascular risk factors in three groups were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was no significant difference in plasma γ-GGT levels among three groups. There was a positive correlation of plasma γ-GGT levels with systolic pressure, pulse pressure, hemoglobin A1c and CRP in control group. While in hypertension with diabetes mellitus group, plasma γ-GGT levels were correlated with systolic pressure, mean arterial pressure, fasting blood sugar and cystatin.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Plasma γ-GGT might be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and may be used as a predictive indicator for kidney injury in early patients with hypertension with diabetes mellitus.</p>

Changes of VEGF and AQPs gene and protein expression in rat brain tissue during hypoxic encephaledema / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the changes of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), aquaporin (AQP) gene and protein expression during hypoxic encephaledema so as to provide the basis for elucidating the brain injury caused by acute hypoxic exposure and pathogenesis of the encephaledema.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, i.e. control group, hypoxia 4 000 m group, hypoxia 6 000 m group and hypoxia 8 000 m group. Rats in hypoxic groups were exposed to hypoxia at simulated altitude of 4 000 m, 6 000 m and 8 000 m above sea level for 8 hours respectively in order to establish hypoxic encephaledema model. The water content in brain was determined by dry-weight method. The changes in morphology of brains were observed under optical microscope. The changes in expression of VEGF, AQP1 and AQP4 genes and protein were determined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The results determined by dry-weight method indicated that water content of rats brain increased markedly after rats were exposed to a simulated altitude at 6 000 m, 8 000 m. (2) The results determined by microscopy indicated that during the rats exposed to hypoxia, nerve cells, vascular endothelial cells and astrocyte foot processes swelled lightly, transudate occurred in tissues at 4 000 m. The swelling of vascular endothelial cell (VEC) and astrocyte foot processes aggravated, interspace between vessels and tissues enlarged, and transudate in tissue increased at 6 000 m. The swelling of VEC and astrocyte foot processes went from bad to worse, interspace between vessels and tissues enlarged further, and transudate in tissue increased evidently at 8 000 m. (3) During hypoxic encephaledema, the expression of VEGF, AQP1 and AQP4 mRNA increased, AQP1 was abnormally expressed on the surface of VEC, and the expressive level of VEGF and AQP1 on VEC and AQP4 on astrocyte foot processes increased.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The changes in expression and distribution of VEGF, AQP1 and AQP4 during encephaledema caused by hypoxic exposure may induce blood-brain barrier injury, and may be one of the pathogenesis of hypoxic encephaledema.</p>

Changes of erythrocyte deformability in rats acclimatized to hypoxia and its molemechanism / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the changes of erythrocyte deformability in rats acclimatized to hypoxia and its molemechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Male rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10): normal control group, acute hypoxia group and hypoxia acclimatization group. Animals were exposed to hypoxia for 0, 1, 28 d, blooded from their hearts after anaesthetized, respectively. Erythrocyte deformability, membrane fluidity, cholesterin and total lipid, lipid components of erythrocyte membrane, erythrocyte membrane ATPase and the concentrations of Na+ and Ca2+ were measured respectively. The two-dimensional electrophoresis maps of the rats erythrocyte membrane protein were achieved. The different protein spots were founded by image master 2D elite and identified by mass spectrum.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) In acute hypoxia group, the deformability, membrane fluidity, the content of membrane cholesterin and total lipid were declined. The content of phosphatidylserines (PS), sphingomyelin (SM) in erythrocyte membrane lipids were increased, phosphatidylcholine (PC) reduced. The activity of ATP enzymes reduced and the concentration of Na+ and Ca2+ in erythrocyte increased. The two-dimensional electrophoresis maps of the rats erythrocyte membrane protein were achieved. Four of the seven protein spots selected increased and three of them showed no change. (2) In hypoxia acclimatization group, the deformability, membrane fluidity, the content of membrane cholesterin and total lipid were increased than those in acute hypoxia group, similar to normal group. The content of PS, SM in erythrocyte membrane lipids were reduced, PC increased. The activity of ATP enzymes induced and the concentration of Na+ and Ca2+ in erythrocyte increased after hypoxia acclimatization. Four of those protein spots mentioned increase and three declined after hypoxia acclimatization. They were respectively proved by mass spectrum to be alexin binding protein, aquaporin chip, membrane inhibitor reactive lysis, phospholipids scramblase, glucose transferase, aminophospholipid translocases, ATP-dependent floppase, the latter three proteins were associate with the overturning of erythrocyte membrane lipids.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Acute hypoxia caused the corresponding damage of erythrocyte deformability, erythrocyte membrane fluidity, erythrocyte membrane proteins erythrocyte expression, the activity of membrane ATPase and the concentration of Na+ and Ca2+ in erythrocyte. The parameters above were improved after hypoxia acclimatization, so hypoxia acclimatization effected positively in the damage to erythrocyte due to acute hypoxia. The three membrane proteins might play important roles in the deformability improved by hypoxia acclimatization, which included phospholipids scramblase, aminophospholipid translocases and ATP-dependent floppase.</p>

Effect of hypoxia on activation of the peripheral blood T lymphocyte in rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effect of hypoxia on the peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets and co-stimulatory molecules in rats so as to provide the basis for studying the intervention measure.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Before hypoxia and during hypoxia at 8 000 m for 8 h, 3 d, 6 d and 10 d the change of peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets and co-stimulatory molecules in rats were detected by flowcytometer with three-color immunofluorescence label.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Rats were exposed to hypoxia at 8 000 m for 8 hours, and CD3+, CD8+, CD8+ CD28- lymphocyte percentages were significantly decreased (P < 0.01) compared with that before hypoxia. After 3 days of hypoxia, besides aforesaid change, CD4+ CD28+ lymphocyte percentage also prominently decreased (P < 0.01) and CD4+ CD28- prominently increased (P < 0.01). After 6 and 10 days of hypoxia, CD3+, CD4+ lymphocyte percentages were further decreased, while CD8+ CD28+ lymphocyte percentage significantly increased (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>After exposed to hypoxia at 8 000 m for 8 hours and 3 days, activation of CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocyte was prominently decreased, while with the prolong of exposed time activation of CD8+ T lymphocyte was significantly increased.</p>

Experimental study on Buyang Huanwu decoction (Chinese characters: see text) for promoting functional recovery of crushed common peroneal nerve in rats / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of Buyang Huanwu Decoction ([Chinese characters: see text]) on promoting functional recovery of crushed common peroneal nerve in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to produce common peroneal nerve injuries model,and the length of injury was 5 mm. All the rats were divided into 3 groups: BYHWD group, mecobalamin group and model group. The drugs were given by gavage daily for 18 days. Footprint test was performed at the 18th day after surgery to evaluate toe spread function (TSF). Electrophysiology was performed at the 18th day after operation to determine the nerve conduct velocity (NCV). The wet weight ratio and section area of tibial muscle were also measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(TSF:At the 18th day after operation, the TSF in BYHWD group (-0.15 +/- 0.07) increased significantly compared with that of model group (-0.25 +/- 0.07) (P < 0.01); the TSF in mecobalamin group (-0.17 +/- 0.08) also increased notably compared with that of model group (P < 0.01).(2) NCV: the NCV in BYHWD group [(18.36 +/- 2.74) m/s] (P < 0.01l) and in mecobalamin group [(16.32 +/- 3.54) m/s] (P < 0.05) also increased significantly compared with that of model group [(9.08 +/- 2.56) m/s]; there was striking variation between model group and mecobalamin group (P < 0.05). (3) Wet weight ratio: the wet weight ratio in BYHWD group [(64.21 +/- 2.92)%] (P < 0.01)and in mecobalamin group [(62.43 +/- 3.21)%] (P < 0.01) all increased significantly compared with that of model group [(54.27 +/- 2.05)%]. (4) The section area of tibial muscle: the section area of tibial muscle in BYHWD group [(654.21 +/- 42.92) cm2] (P < 0.01) and in mecobalamin group [(638.43 +/- 93.21) cm2] (P < 0.01) all increased significantly compared with that of model group [(574.27 +/- 52.05) cm2]; there was also striking variation between model group and mecobalamin group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>BYHWD can promotes functional recovery of crushed nerve as a result of accelerating recovery of TSF, raising NCV and delaying the decrease of tibial muscle section area and wet weight ratio.</p>

Study of hypoxia-induced immune injury and its intervention measure / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the characteristic of hypoxia-induced immune injury, its mechanisms and the intervention measure.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The change of immune organ index, T lymphocyte subsets of peripheral blood and immune organ in mice during hypoxia were detected. Lymphocyte apoptosis of immune organ, pathology of lung and kidney in mice were observed. Then by way of prophylaxis we studied the effect of Chinese Traditional Medicine on hypoxia-induced immune injury in mice.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Exposure to hypoxia at 8 000 m simulated altitude for 8 h resulted in marked decrease in CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes and marked increase in CD4+ CD8-, CD4- CD8+ thymocytes (P < 0.01). After 3 days of hypoxia, the mice had a much lower percentage of CD4+ T-cell (P < 0.05). The ratio of CD4+/CD8+ decreased significantly and aforesaid changes of thymocyte were further enlarged. Also mice had a pronounced increase in rates of late apoptosis or necrosis of spleen lymphocyte and thymocyte (P < 0.05). After 6 days of hypoxia, index of spleen was significantly increased (P < 0.05), index of thymus was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) and CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ lymphocyte percentage of spleen were significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Also late apoptosis or necrosis lymphocytes of spleen and thymus were further increased (P < 0.01), viable cell rates of spleen lymphocyte and thymocytes were markedly decreased (P < 0.01), early apoptosis rates of spleen lymphocyte were markedly increased (P < 0.01). There was no significant change in the percentage of CD8+ lymphocyte in peripheral blood during the whole hypoxia period. (2) New Compound Codonopsis Pilosula (NCCP), Xiang Qi Polysaccharide (XQP) and NCCP + XQP could significantly increase the number of peripheral blood CD3+, CD4+ and spleen CD4+, but had no significant influence on the number of spleen CD8+. XQP and XQP+ NCCP could significantly decrease the number of CD4+ CD8+ (P < 0.01), increase that of CD4+ CD8- (P < 0.01), and had no significant influence on CD4- CD8+ in thymus. However, NCCP didn't influence the component of thymocytes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>After hypoxia at 8 000 m simulated altitude decrease of lymphocyte of periphery in mice may be related with increase of apoptosis and necrosis of lymphocyte, and with increase of distribution of lymphocyte to lung in early period of exposure. NCCP and XQP have hopeful prospect in intervention study of hypoxia-induced immune injury.</p>

Analyses of serological and genetic characteristics on novel H1N1 influenza A virus from the infected patient in Shenzhen / 病毒学报

Analysis of serological and genetic characteristics on 2009 swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV) isolated from four patients with severe disease in Shenzhen were performed. Microneutralization assay showed that the neutralizing antibody titers of the infected patients did not exceed 1 : 20 in a short term post infection, which could not neutralize the viruses efficiently. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests confirmed that the antigenicity of S-OIV from the patients was distinct from the seasonal influenza A virus, but similar to the reference strains of S-OIV. Phylogenetic and molecular analysis showed that S-OIV from the patients still belonged to the classical swine lineages and did not have the genetic characteristics of highly pathogenic influenza virus. Several amino acid residue mutations on HA protein were detected, which seemed not to affect the virulence and pathogenicity of the viruses. Further, A His 275 Tyr mutation on NA protein of a virus strain was detected, which induced the oseltamivir resistance of the virus.